The Media And Its Impact On Society - 1660 Words

Ever since the creation of the first technology, inventors and creative minds have progressed the development of those devices. Whether an entirely new gadget was developed to replace an existing one or a product was improved to run more efficiently, corporations have always strived to provide the public with services that satisfy our craving for entertainment and information while remaining lenient on our limited time and wallets. The 2010’s have been defined by the emergence of smart devices and tablets, and therefore the media has had to accommodate their services to the individuals with those devices in order to make business, thus abandoning the previous technology. Americans are not halting their readership or watching of traditional†¦show more content†¦As an avid reader myself, I can testify that most people I speak to about liking to read bring up the point that they either can’t focus on reading at all, or that they enjoy it but don’t have time for it. One must wonder if the individuals are to blame for losing interest in reading, or if keeping up with social demands allows no time for people to invest in books. Either way, reading as a hobby has gone down over ten percent since the eighties (Hammer, 2006). However, for those that admit to enjoy reading but don’t have the time, new technologies make it easy for busy readers to pick up an eBook or audiobook on-the-go. Amazon.com launched the Kindle in 2007 and it has grown to such popular heights that the company now sells upward of one million Kindle tablets per week (Townsville Bulletin, 2011). From its conception, the Kindle was expected to surpass sales of physical books eventually, but founder of Amazon, Jeff Bezos, claims he never knew it would happen so quickly (Geelong Advertiser, 2011). Currently, â€Å"105 Kindle e-books [are sold] for every 100 print books, hardcover and paperback combined,† a number which publishing companies lust over as they hustle to make all of their books available digitally (Geelong Advertiser, 2011). EBooks may be slowly replacing physical books, an idea that society both fears and supports, but the bottom line is that the public is still consuming literature, but in a different form. If there is a death of

Cultural Genocide The Movie Free Essays

The film â€Å"Cultural Genocide† presented Asa Hilliard III, an African American professor of educational psychology, who focused on the particularities of genocide, homicide and suicide. According to Hilliard, he recalls genocide as any one of the following acts with the attempt to destroy a national, ethnic, religious or racial group; few examples include killing members of a group, causing bodily harm and forcibly transferring children to another group. Cultural genocide is best explained with examples, whereas indirect instances may include any prevention from practicing one’s culture or where one loses their sense of culture and a direct example is black on black killings. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Genocide: The Movie or any similar topic only for you Order Now Homicide is an important issue Hilliard expresses, as there are many murders and bodily harm induced by African Americans towards other African Americans. Homicide not only includes lethal killings, but terminal illnesses as well, such as AIDS.AIDS is detrimental to any group, as it is can be carelessly transmitted to others, due to lack of awareness of their illness; however, it causes much damage to groups since it is being passed along, terminally harming individuals. There are many illnesses and murders that can definitely be avoided among African Americans, but they continue to be inflicted by harm, whether it is consciously or unconscious. In order to avoid such conflict, Hilliard suggests that African Americans need to be in touch with their cultural identity, he offers that it is a tie that binds a culture together, which calls for possible collaboration.Collaboration brings a sense of identity and teamwork to a culture, specifically as it allows a group to function, even wh en passing national boundaries, as well as individually. With African Americans having better cultural identity, there is a possibility that black on black crime will decrease, as many will view each other as their â€Å"brothers and sisters†. If young African Americans viewed each other as family, they will most definitely treat each other with more respect and dignity, as the young will avoid physical harm among one another, which will deter crime.Nevertheless, the importance of cultural ties can link to relations among African Americans and more importantly, deter black on black crime. Black on black crime is not limited to only murders, but also within an extraordinary example, in which Hilliard presents regarding teachers in the classrooms and black communities. In predominantly African American classrooms, educators have struggled to find teachers, specifically African American teachers. Educators believe it is vital to have African American teachers, in order for the predominantly black students to perceive their own race as a role model.Having only European teachers be the majority may cause more racial gaps, but is it important to realize that educators did in fact try to employ African American teachers; however, they simply denied the employment opportunity, as they believed there was no potential for growth or promotion. This example is no doubt causing harm among African Americans, children are not seeing their own race in the education field, causing much destruction, as potential dreams of being an educator can be damaged, as hope for their own race is non-existent.If there were more African American teachers in predominantly black schools, there is more potential for black children to see themselves as being a teacher. There are many ways to encourage children to strive for education, role models are definitely one of them and now that there is a black president in office, he serves as an icon for the African American community, as well as representing a change among racial gaps. Although a drastic change happened in the White house, it is important to remember the educational inconsistency among African American students.Many African American students still suffer many disparities among their school, including the lack of funds, which ultimately the youth endures the burden of having insufficie nt supplies for learning. Education is becoming severely limited for African American students, as there is a shortage of educational supplies necessary for learning, including books and even teachers. If African American teachers do not want to teach their own race, because of individual concerns of upward mobility, there is much damage imposed on African American children. In order to succeed and move forward, African Americans need to remember their cultural ties and stand together. It is reality that there is an educational gap, where certain races are inclined to being economically despaired; therefore, African Americans need to remember the importance of their cultural ties, which will not only bring them together but also, help each individual succeed. Suicide is mentioned in Hilliard’s speech because of its increasing rate of deaths in the African American community.Hilliard announces it is the leading cause of death for African American men and in fact, more die from suicide than homicide. Women, too, are impacted by suicide, as they carry more attempts to kill themselves than men do. Suicide may have been caused by the lack of belonging to something, many came from broken families and did not have a sense of community, which caused the creation of gangs, where the youth seeks familial ties and sense of belonging, in order to make up for the lack of a family.There is definitely a pattern of why many African Americans suffer and it is due to the lack of cultural identity, many have no clue where they come from and it is indeed causing much destruction. Many African Americans feel they do not belong to anything, as they lack a family, which in turn, leads them to feeling worthless, causing identity loss and thoughts of suicide. In order to make sure no other African American children feel the sense of unworthiness, there must be more collectiveness and collaboration to help overcome upcoming generations and prevent them from feeling unworthy.Many can begin by joining community groups, religious groups, or sporting activities, just to give the initial feeling of belonging to a population, this can therefore, boost self-esteem and bring identity to one’s life. The African American community must work collectively and they are definitely at a good start, as President Obama can help many of his black â€Å"brothers and sisters† conquer racial and economic disparities. How to cite Cultural Genocide: The Movie, Papers

Crazy, Stupid, Love Essay Example For Students

Crazy, Stupid, Love Essay When it comes to hooking up, society has established what is considered the key factors that contribute to what determines the success of a hookup. Although there is no definition that defines an â€Å"ideal hookup,† there are several criteria that adhere to what a true hookup entails. In a scene from â€Å"Crazy Stupid Love,† Ryan Gosling approaches an unfamiliar woman at a bar, Emma Stone, and suggests that she come home with him, eventually she accepts his invitation and they end up at Ryan’s condo, engaging in a night of romantic gestures and conversation. Emma and Ryan were strangers that met at a bar, suggesting that this hookup had the potential to be successful, however, because they chose to spend the night connecting on an emotional level rather partaking in sexual intercourse, their hookup is deemed as unsuccessful. In a scene from the movie â€Å"Crazy, Stupid, Love† we see the progressive stages of a hookup between Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone. Ryan and Emma are both found at a bar one night, Ryan decides to approach Emma and starts to be flirtations, he eventually suggest that she go home with him for the night. Emma at first rejects Ryan’s offer, however, after having issues with her boyfriend, she promptly seeks out Ryan and accepts his offer. They both leave the bar together and arrive at Ryan’s suave condo, the music is playing and Ryan immediately makes them both drinks. Emma proceeds to gulp down both drinks and then asks Ryan to disclose his methods of seduction. Ryan reveals that he reenacts the dancing scene from the film â€Å"Dirty Dancing,† and then says that it has never failed to get women to sleep with him. Emma then agrees to take part in the â€Å"move†, successively leading them into Ryan bedroom. As they are kissing in bed, Emma continuously asks Ryan questions, this spark of conversation eventually leading to an intimate and long conversation about their personal lives. No sexual intercourse takes place between the two of them, and they eventually fall asleep after talking for hours. Gosling and Stone meet for the first time at a bar and have no pervious background knowledge about each other. They were merely brought together by Reynolds attraction to Stone and his willingness to approach her and share this attraction. The atmosphere of the bar was seductive and luring, making for the perfect place for a man to pick up women. In the scene Emma is sitting at a table with her friend while Ryan is prowling around the bar to find a women to take home with him. Ryan eventually approaches Emma in the hopes that she will go home with him tonight. He says, â€Å"I’ll guarantee you this, you’re never going to regret going home with that guy from the bar that one time who’s a total tom cat in the sac† (Reynolds). Here, Ryan is very blunt, stating that if she were to come home with him, it would solely be two strangers hooking up. At this point Ryan and Emma know little to nothing about each other, this lack of knowledge makes it easy to disregard their emotions and only focus on the physical aspect of the hookup. With this being the intentions of both of them the start of their successful hookup is heading in the right direction Emma and Ryan were both consuming alcohol at the bar where they met, and continued to drink upon arriving at Ryan’s condo. Alcohol consumption is considered by many people to be an essential for a hookup to be successful, and because they were both consuming alcohol puts them on track for having a successful hookup. Kate Taylor, the author of Sex on Campus: She Can Play That Game, Too, wrote â€Å"Women said universally that hookups could not exist without alcohol, because they were for the most part too uncomfortable to pair off with men they did not know well without being drunk† (Taylor). .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 , .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .postImageUrl , .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 , .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:hover , .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:visited , .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:active { border:0!important; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:active , .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9 .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ba89bd8d6f36bbbd1c5d27faaa199b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: From the comparative study of the film EssayAlcohol is imperative when it comes to having a successful hookup because both man and woman are more willing to associate with someone they don’t know very well while under the influence of alcohol. When Emma and Ryan both arrived back at his condo, he immediately makes two alcoholic drinks that she gulps down instantly and then says, â€Å"that’s not my favorite, thank you†(Stone). Even though she didn’t prefer the drinks he made, she still drank both because in the hopes that it would calm her nerves. Even though Emma and Ryan were not blackout drunk, they were both somewhat intoxicated, which helped further their path towards having a successful hookup. When Ryan brings Emma back to his place, he immediately makes her a drink, turns on music, and sets the tone for what he expects to be a successful hookup. Emma is acting as though she is ready to â€Å"get to the bed† and get things started. They talk about Gosling signature move, where he reenacts a scene from dirty dancing, he says, â€Å"So I tell girls I can do the move, I put on the song Time of Your Life, I do the big move, and they (girls) always want to have sex with me† (Reynolds). Ryan then proceeds to make this big move to Emma and they consequently end up in his bedroom and start making out. As things seem to be going in the right direction between the two of them, they start to get off track and they begin talking on an emotional level, sharing personal past experiences with one another. At this point they are being more emotionally intimate than physically intimate, leading to the downfall of their successful hookup path. When Ryan and Emma first enter the bedroom things seem like they are going in the right direction, however, it turns out that they do not engage in any type of sexual intercourse. In an ideal hookup, their should be more intimacy rather than talk about your personal life, which is why Ryan and Emma failed to meet the set criteria that make for a successful hookup. Ryan even asks Emma to â€Å"ask him something personal about himself†(Reynolds). At this point, it is obvious that they have embarked on a path that could mean more than just a hookup. Kate Taylor defines a â€Å"hookup† as, â€Å"an ambiguous term that can signify anything from making out to oral sex to intercourse without the emotional entanglement of a relationship†(Taylor). Ryan and Emma have dodged these two criteria by not engaging in sexual intercourse and by becoming personally and emotionally involved, leading to the demise of their successful hookup attempt. Eventually, Ryan and Emma fall asleep in bed after a night of talking, and not engaging in any type of sexual intercourse which is why their hookup is not seen as successful. Even though Emma fell asleep at Ryan’s place, they had created a bond by the end of the night, an emotional bond, and one that would not be created through an ideal hookup. In Alex Williams article The End of Courtship he gives an example of what spending the night after a hookup would lead to, â€Å"She spent the night at the apartment, which kicked off a cycle of weekly hookups, invariably preceded by a Thursday night text message from him saying, ‘hey babe, what are you up to this weekend? ’†(Williams). In this case, the two people are engaging in a series of casual hookups from one time being spent at the guy’s apartment. In Emma and Ryan’s case, they partook in the initial stages of a successful hookup but the end result was far from ideal and does not correlate with what is defined as a successful hookup. A hookup is something that is developed through certain criteria that have been set by society. Overall, Emma and Ryan did not meet all of the standards that result in a successful hookup. .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 , .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .postImageUrl , .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 , .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:hover , .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:visited , .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:active { border:0!important; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:active , .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256 .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80a065c170317a2207da462e28642256:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparison Of A Modern Love Poem With 'The Flea' EssayEven though in the initial stages they were headed in the right direction, it was towards the end of the night that they began to fall of track and develop an emotional connection rather than engage in any kind of sexual activity that would have kept them on track for an ideal hookup. Their inability to connect in a sexual way, due to the distractions of their intimate conversations about family and past occurrences, was the reason that they were unsuccessful in having a successful hookup.

Organization Development Principles, Processes, Performance

Control and why it is important in the organizational development Control in management refers to continuous checks on the operating processes to ensure that they run as expected. The general requirements of organizations are normally on the basis of reducing expenditures while at the same time maximizing the quality of output in the processes carried out by an organization. The essence of control is the alignment of objective to the desired plans of an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Development: Principles, Processes, Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Singla (2006), control is the last function in managing an operation. The process that starts with planning and subsequent implementation of the outlaid plans needs to be counterchecked to ensure that they are â€Å"efficiently, economically and successfully implemented† (Singla, 2006, p. 218). Control ther efore plays the role of comparing the actual realization of the organization and the planned or ideal situations with the aim of identifying deviations for appropriate measures to be taken for correcting the deviations. One of the benefits which accrue from control is that it helps managers to identify possible areas in which actions are necessary. The importance of control is also exhibited by its fundamental nature in the management process. Though identified as the last management tool, control is the most important in managing since other aspects such as planning and organization can not guarantee success without being checked. It is the monitoring and evaluation processes of control that gives direction to the management on decisions to make with respect to the plans and organization that had been previously adopted. It forms the basis for making improvements or even reversing changes to processes that do not conform to the organizations desired goals (Singla, 2006). The counte rchecking aspect of control also helps an organization to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its employees through identifying weaknesses that are then corrected. In the same way, weaknesses are identified with respect to operations and appropriate decisions made for the attainment of the outlined goals (Singla, 2006). Control is also identified to undertake prior checks over problems that can be anticipated in the processes. With this, it helps the management in identifying the problems beforehand and subsequently taking appropriate measures. It is therefore a preventive tool.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also undertakes concurrent measures to identify immediate problems for actions as well as being used to analyze past processes to offer information for future planning by the management (Vallabhaneni, 2009). The outcomes of the control measures are then impl emented to the adjustment or termination of inconsistent processes. Individual development and organizational development Development is a process of positive changes that are realized with respect to an entity’s objectives. Such developments can either be instantaneous with discontinuity or they can be gradual and continuous. Developments in organizations are normally triggered by weaknesses or failure as realized with individuals who are responsible for different processes in the organization. It therefore means that a failure in an organization that will result in the need for development results from people in the organization (Weick Quinn, 1999). The process of ensuring development in an organization can either be based at individual level in which people in the organization are developed or empowered to ensure a culminated growth in the organization or can be based on the organization as a whose. The approach of empowering individuals to develop the organization thus i llustrates the link between the two with the concept that developing individual members of an organization is a development to the organization (McLean, 2005). References McLean, G. (2005). Organization development: principles, processes, performance. New Jersey, NJ: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Singla, R. (2006). Business Studies. New Delhi, India: FK Publications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Development: Principles, Processes, Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Vallabhaneni, D. (2009). What’s Your MBA IQ? A Manager’s Career Development Tool. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. Weick, K Quinn, R. (1999). Organizational change and development. New York, NY: Cengage Leaning. This essay on Organization Development: Principles, Processes, Performance was written and submitted by user Lindsey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Write a Powerful Introduction to a Persuasive Essay

How to Write a Powerful Introduction to a Persuasive EssayA persuasive essay can be well crafted, if it is done in a good way. The main and important aspect of it is the introduction to the main argument of the essay. A good introduction can do wonders for a persuasive essay and it has been seen that this part of the essay has the most impact on the reader. Here, one can learn the best ways to write a convincing introduction.You have to pay special attention to the order in which you introduce the three body paragraphs. The three paragraphs should all follow each other logically and appropriately. You have to make it a point to state the information in the sequence and not separately. This means that you have to state the facts in the order of appearance in the body paragraph. This way, the reader will have a clear idea of what the main purpose of the essay is about.The first paragraph of the body paragraph should discuss the most informative parts of the essay. Your introduction to this paragraph should discuss the interest of the reader in the first paragraph and in the second paragraph the importance of the information. It should also state the reason why the information is important in the first paragraph, where it is going to be used in the second paragraph.The third paragraph of the body paragraph should discuss the main point of the essay. In this paragraph, the essayist should give the reasoning behind the opinion or the conclusion of the essay. The essayist should not hesitate to give arguments and conclusions because these three paragraphs have an impact on the whole article.In the fourth paragraph of the body paragraph, the last information that should be stated is what the reader should take away from the article. This part should be well structured and give enough details about the main points of the article. The other parts can then be given more information. Remember, the essay has to be written very simply and not very complicated.The introducti on is usually the first part of the persuasive essay. If you are writing a persuasive essay and you have written a good introduction, then it can make the entire body of the essay much better. A good introduction has the power to make the reader feel that the writer has put a lot of thought into the article.There is an effective way to learn how to write a good introduction. This is through practice. Through practice, you will be able to become good at this and your writing will start coming out more powerful.You can also find different ways to help you with your introductory paragraphs. You can use a sample essay, you can read advice from other writers, you can read articles or you can find writing tips on the internet. Whatever the case, it is important that you have a good introduction in the body paragraph so that the persuasive essay is not only a good essay but also a well written article.

The Exclusinary Rule essay

The Exclusinary Rule essay The Exclusinary Rule essay The Exclusinary Rule essayIt has been found that the Exclusionary Rule is one of the major topics associated with the application of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.   According to researchers, the Exclusionary Rule â€Å"requires the suppression of any evidence obtained unconstitutionally; that is the evidence cannot be used in the trial by the government†(Hensley Snook, 2007, p. 160). Actually, the Exclusionary Rule is not included in the U.S. Constitution, but it was established by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1914, while ruling the case Weeks v. United States (1914).   In general, the Exclusionary Rule has been a controversial legal issue in the criminal justice system, since its creation because the application of the rule to the legal case may affect the significance of the evidence through its exclusion, and the acquittal of the individuals who can be regarded factually guilty (Hemmens et al., 2009). There are three major exceptions to the Exclusionary R ule created by the U. S. Supreme Court, including independent source exception, good faith exception and inevitable discovery rule, which justify the applicability of the rule.The major goal of this paper is to discuss the Exclusionary Rule and its exceptions created by the U. S. Supreme Court, paying due attention to the background information regarding the Exclusionary Rule and the current status of the rule.The Exclusionary Rule: background informationThe Exclusionary Rule can be viewed as an important constitutional development that can be effectively used in the criminal justice practice. In fact, the Exclusionary Rule says that â€Å"evidence that is obtained by an unconstitutional search or seizure is inadmissible at trial† (Bast Hawkins, 2010, p. 573). The Exclusionary Rule announced by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1914 continues to play an important role in legal practice. However, initially, the Exclusionary Rule was not included in the due process clause of the Fourt eenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. As such, the Exclusionary Rule was not applied to various legal proceedings of the State Courts. In 1961, reviewing the case Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, this application of the Exclusionary Rule was changed because the U.S. Supreme Court â€Å"declared that the evidence obtained in violation of the Constitution could not be used in state or federal criminal proceedings† (Bast Hawkins, 2010, p. 573).The major goal of the Exclusionary Rule is to deter police misconduct or unethical behavior in relation to community members. The proponents of the Exclusionary Rule state that the rule emanates from the U.S. Constitution, while the opponents of the rule state that it has elation to the established constitutional rights (Kerr, 2010). Actually, â€Å"the Supreme Court has indicated that it is merely a judicially created remedy for Violations of the Fourth Amendment†(Hemmens et al., 2009, p. 127).In addition, the Exclusionary Rule has been a controversial issue in the criminal justice system. The intense debates were connected with the lack of the proper textual language in the U.S Constitution regarding the applicability of the rule. This fact can be explained by the fact that many opponents the rule suggest that the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court has been exceeded by this rule. They argue that the legislative branch is responsible for issuing such laws, rules and regulation (Bast Hawkins, 2010).However, there is another view of this issue. The proponents of the Exclusionary Rule consider that the Bill of Rights is unproductive without the application of the Exclusionary Rule (Kerr, 2010). In fact, many issues can be resolved prior to trial in the court through the application of the so-called motion to suppress (Bast Hawkins, 2010; Hemmens et al., 2009). The United States is the only nation that protects citizens from illegal searches and seizures conducted by the police through the application of the E xclusionary Rule.Current status of the Exclusionary Ruleand its exceptions created by the U. S. Supreme CourtIn the 1980s, the scope of the Exclusionary Rule was limited by more conservative action of the U.S. Supreme Court. As a matter of fact, there are three major exceptions that should be taken into consideration by the Court, including â€Å"independent source exception, good faith exception and inevitable discovery rule† (Siegel, 2009, p. 345). Court decisions refer to the situations in which the evidence obtained by the police can be viewed as admissible in court; even there are some violations in police conduct or in the warrant issued by the court (Kerr, 2010).Independent source exception  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Independent source exception is a rule that permits the admission of evidence that has been obtained â€Å"by means wholly independent of any constitutional violation† (Siegel, 2009, p. 345). For example, if a police officer makes a decision to enter the house of a drug dealer or any other person involved in criminal activity with an arrest warrant, he has the right to search his house in order to seize important evidence, such as drugs, weapons, etc. The illegally obtained evidence can be used in the court, if, independently, a warrant has been issued to search the house for the same kind of evidence but â€Å"had not yet arrived in the scene† (Siegel, 2009, p. 345). In other words, independent source exception can be viewed as the admissible evidence obtained by the police if they can prove its independent source not linked with the illegal search or seizure (Siegel, 2009). There are two cases that can be used as examples of application of this rule: United States v. Crews (1981) and State v. O’Brernski (1967). In the case United States v. Crews (1981), the Court ruled that the initial illegal use of evidence could not affect the prosecutors’ decision to prove guilt through the applicati on of evidence obtained by the police in a constitutional manner. In the case State v. O’Brernski (1967), the testimony of a teenager girl, who was found in the house during the illegal search, regarding the defendant’s involvement in sexual activity with her, can be regarded as admissible in the court.Good faith exceptionGood faith exception to the Exclusionary Rule is a rule that permits the admission of evidence obtained by the police even there were some mistakes which can be characterized as honest, reasonable and objective. Actually, â€Å"the honest and objectively reasonable belief† by the police officer is crucial to make the act lawful (Hensley Snook, 2007, p.345). According to the court’s decision, there are seven situations that come from actual legal cases and constitute the exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule under the category of good faith exception:when the judge (or magistrate) made a mistake (the case Massachusetts v. Shappard, 1984);w hen the court employee made a mistake (the case Arizona v. Evans, 1995);when the police officers â€Å"erroneously, but honestly and reasonably† believed that the information they provided to the court was accurate (the case Maryland v. Garrison, 1987);when the police believed the person, who permitted them to enter a building or a house, was authorized to do so (the case Illinois v. Rodrigues, 1990);when the police officers obtained evidence, relying on mistakes of other police officers, and these â€Å"errors were merely negligent and isolated and not systematic, recurring and deliberate† (the case Herring v. United States, 1990);when the police officered conducted a search based on legal precedent established by the court (the case Davis v. United States, 2011) (Hensley Snook, 2007; Bast et al., 2010).Inevitable discovery ruleInevitable discovery rule is the exception to the Exclusionary Rule that permits the admission of evidence obtained the police if the police officers can prove that they would inevitably have discovered the evidence anyway by lawful means (Hemmens et al., 2009). In other words, â€Å"this rule holds that the evidence obtained through unlawful search or seizure is admissible in court if it can be established to a very high degree of probability, that police investigation would be expected to lead to the discovery of the evidence† (Siegel, 2009, p. 345). The case Nix v. Williams (1984) is based on the application of the inevitable discovery rule.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the Exclusionary Rule is an important constitutional development that is aimed at discouraging law enforcement personnel from being engaged in misconduct. In other word, the Exclusionary Rule is effective in preventing the admission into evidence obtained by police officers unconstitutionally. Generally speaking, the Exclusionary Rule is justified because it helps to deter illegal s earches and seizures.

The Development of Canals in the Industrial Revolution

The Development of Canals in the Industrial Revolution Water was an important method of transport in Britain prior to the industrial revolution  and was used heavily for freight. Basically, to have a working economy things had to be moved from the place of production to the place of need, and vice versa, and when travel was based on horses, no matter how good the road, there were limits on products, in terms of freshness or quantity. Water, which could take more, and faster, was crucial. There were three key aspects of water borne trade: the sea, the coast, and rivers. Sea Carriage: Overseas trade required large ships and was important for importing and exporting goods and raw materials. Several key British ports, including the hub of the nation in London, had been growing on trade even before the boom of the revolution, and many traders had built public buildings. As the revolution got underway and Britain experienced an export boom in the late eighteenth century, wealth was reinvested in refurbishing ports, and they expanded greatly.Coastal Trade: Moving heavy goods at sea along the coast of Britain was much cheaper than moving the same items along the road network, and coastal trade was a key aspect of Britain’s economy. Between 1650 and 1750, i.e. before the industrial revolution, half a million metric tons of coal was moved this way from Newcastle in the north to London in the south. Foodstuffs could be moved fairly quickly through coastal trade, and it helped provincial trade. The east coast, with a sheltered, smooth sea, had the great est use, and most early industries like iron, tin, and grain depended on this method. Navigable Rives: Britain made major use of its river network for transport as well as waterwheel energy, but there were problems. Rivers didn’t always- or rarely- went where you wanted your goods to go, and they were affected by drought and erosion, as well as other industries being in the way. Many were simply unnavigable. People had tried to improve the river network by dredging, widening, and cutting past meanders by the start of the eighteenth century, and canals became the logical next step. Indeed, it was river improvements that gave the engineers of the canals their start. However, lots of important industrial areas in Britain, such as Birmingham, didn’t have any water links and were held back. If there wasnt a river, and you werent on the coast, you had transport problems. The solution was to be found in canals, a man-made route in which you could (mostly) direct the route. Expensive, but if done right, a way of making large profits. The Solution: Canals The first British canal to follow a totally new route (the first British canal was the Sankey Brooke Navigation, but this followed a river) was the Bridgewater canal from collieries in Worsley to Manchester and was opened in 1761 by the colliery’s owner, the Duke of Bridgewater. This reduced the Duke’s transport costs by fifty percent, vastly cheapening his coal and opening up a whole new market. This showed to the rest of Britain’s industrialists what canals could achieve, and it also demonstrated both what engineering could do, and what wide-ranging enterprise could create: the Duke’s money had come from agriculture. By 1774 over thirty-three government acts had been passed providing for canals, all in the Midlands where there were no comparative or realistic alternative means of water transport, and a boom continued. Canals became the perfect answer to regional needs, as you could design their path. The Economic Impact of Canals Canals allowed a greater volume of goods to be moved more precisely, and for much less, opening up new markets in terms of location and affordability. Seaports could now be connected to inland trade. Canals allowed for the greater exploitation of coal reserves as the coal could be moved further, and sold cheaper, allowing a new market to form. Industries could now relocate to coalfields or move to towns, and the materials and products could be moved either way. Of over 150 canal acts from 1760 to 1800, 90 were for coal purposes. At the time- before the railways- only canals could have coped with the swiftly rising demand for coal from industries like iron. Perhaps the most visible economic effect of canals was around Birmingham, which was now joined to the British freight transport system and grew hugely as a result. Canals stimulated new ways of raising capital, as the majority of canals were built as joint stock companies, with each company having to apply for an act of Parliament. Once created, they could sell shares and buy land, bringing in widespread investment, not just local. Only a tenth of the funding came from the elite of wealthy industrialists, and the first modern company management structures were put in place. Capital began to flow around the constructions. Civil engineering also advanced, and this would be fully exploited by the railways. The Social Impact of Canals The creation of canals created a new, paid, labor force called ‘Navvies’ (short for Navigators), increasing spending power at a time when industry needed markets, and each canal needed people to load and unload. However, people tended to fear navvies, accusing them of taking local jobs. Indirectly, there were also new opportunities in mining, hardware, and other industries, for instance, the potteries, as markets for goods opened right up. The Problems of Canals Canals still had their problems. Not all areas were suitable for them, and places like Newcastle had relatively few. There was no central planning and the canals weren’t part of an organized national network, coming in different widths and depths, and were largely limited to the Midlands and North West of England. Canal transport could be expensive, as some companies monopolized areas and charged high tolls, and competition from rival companies could cause two canals to be built along the same route. They were also slow, so things had to be ordered well in advance, and they could not make passenger travel cost effective. The Decline of the Canals Canal companies never solved the problems of speed, making the invention of a faster method of transport almost inevitable. When the railways were introduced in the 1830s people felt that the advancement would spell the immediate end of the canals as a major network for freight. However, canals continued to remain competitive for a number of years and it wasn’t until the 1850s that railways really replaced the canals as the primary method of transport in Britain.