Children social and emotional development Essay Example for Free

Children social and emotional development Essay The advantage that day cares provide to children is, they help the child to socialize and improve any social skill. For example a kid who never go out and play with other children doesn’t know and doesn’t learn a different environment than the family atmosphere. Many cases as a result of it, children grow up shy and sometimes have difficulties to create social relationships with others. At daycares kids learn to see the differences between others kids, they might find people who speaks different languages or belong to a different ethnicity. So they start to see the world it’s different outside of home. Daycares help children to discover new things, improve social and emotional develop because children are around children and are not with the parents all the times, so it creates security and independence from parents, which it help in the future when this child becomes a teenager. Day care absolutely have a lot of influence in the language aspect. When a child stays home, this child just listen to how the mother or father speaks and sometimes mom has the bad habit to â€Å"talk little† or keep thinking the child is still a newborn confusing the toddler with small words.† The language used by the caregiver is the most important factor that predicted children’s cognitive and language outcome†. Children are like sponge, they absorb everything specially from the age 0 to 3, those ages are crucial for the cognitive social and emotional develop, and day cares help in a big part to increase and ensure the well develop of the child.

Acid Rain: Its Effects on Aquatic Environments :: Geology

Acid Rain: Its Effects on Aquatic Environments What is Acid Rain?: Acid rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. Two common air pollutants acidify rain: sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). When these substances are released into the atmosphere they are transformed into sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) and can be carried over long distances by prevailing winds and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, fog or dust. When the environment cannot neutralize the acid being deposited, damage occurs. Causes of SO2 and NOx: * Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is generally a byproduct of industrial processes and burning of fossil fuels. Ore smelting, coal-fired power generators, and natural gas processing are the main contributors. * The main source of NOx emissions is the combustion of fuels in motor vehicles, residential and commercial furnaces, industrial and electrical-utility boilers and engines, and other equipment . Acidification of Freshwater: General Info: Freshwater acidification is not an entirely new problem. First linked to the decline of salmon and other fish stocks in Norwegian rivers some sixty years ago, freshwater acidification was later identified as a problem in Scandinavia during the 1970’s. Since then, thousands of rivers and lakes have been proven acidified. Areas most susceptible to acidification are those with an unreactive catchment such as granite and a base, nutrient-deficient soil. Areas of high acidification incidence include the United States, Canada, Scotland, Central Europe, and Scandinavia. Any lake below pH7.0 is, by strict definition, an acid lake, but it is generally argued that acid waters are those below pH5.0 where sulfate concentrations exceed those of carbonate or the sum of calcium and magnesium content. Process: Acid rain enters water by two routes: directly and through the catchment. The vast majority enters through the catchment while a relatively small percentage enters directly. Acid water passes easily to the lake through catchment consisting of shallow soil cover and alkaline-deficient bedrock such as granite, which does not contain the carbonates necessary to neutralize the acid. In areas where a continual supply of base cations is not assured then the gradual depleting of the bicarbonate in the lake means that the once stable pH will drop rapidly resulting in an acidified lake. Acidification can also occur in surges after snowmelt or drought; the first 30% of snowmelt can contain 50 - 80% of the total acids in the snow. Acid Rain: Its Effects on Aquatic Environments :: Geology Acid Rain: Its Effects on Aquatic Environments What is Acid Rain?: Acid rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. Two common air pollutants acidify rain: sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). When these substances are released into the atmosphere they are transformed into sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3) and can be carried over long distances by prevailing winds and return to earth as acidic rain, snow, fog or dust. When the environment cannot neutralize the acid being deposited, damage occurs. Causes of SO2 and NOx: * Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is generally a byproduct of industrial processes and burning of fossil fuels. Ore smelting, coal-fired power generators, and natural gas processing are the main contributors. * The main source of NOx emissions is the combustion of fuels in motor vehicles, residential and commercial furnaces, industrial and electrical-utility boilers and engines, and other equipment . Acidification of Freshwater: General Info: Freshwater acidification is not an entirely new problem. First linked to the decline of salmon and other fish stocks in Norwegian rivers some sixty years ago, freshwater acidification was later identified as a problem in Scandinavia during the 1970’s. Since then, thousands of rivers and lakes have been proven acidified. Areas most susceptible to acidification are those with an unreactive catchment such as granite and a base, nutrient-deficient soil. Areas of high acidification incidence include the United States, Canada, Scotland, Central Europe, and Scandinavia. Any lake below pH7.0 is, by strict definition, an acid lake, but it is generally argued that acid waters are those below pH5.0 where sulfate concentrations exceed those of carbonate or the sum of calcium and magnesium content. Process: Acid rain enters water by two routes: directly and through the catchment. The vast majority enters through the catchment while a relatively small percentage enters directly. Acid water passes easily to the lake through catchment consisting of shallow soil cover and alkaline-deficient bedrock such as granite, which does not contain the carbonates necessary to neutralize the acid. In areas where a continual supply of base cations is not assured then the gradual depleting of the bicarbonate in the lake means that the once stable pH will drop rapidly resulting in an acidified lake. Acidification can also occur in surges after snowmelt or drought; the first 30% of snowmelt can contain 50 - 80% of the total acids in the snow.

Is Scientific Progress Inevitable? Essay

I read the article â€Å"Is Scientific Progress Inevitable?† which was written by Andrew Irvine on 2006. It was published in the book In the Agora: The Public Face of Canadian Philosophy. The main idea of the article is scientific progress is not inevitable. At the first part of the passage, the author used his own his experience that he took his daughter to see a medicine wheel; he used what he saw to let us know these structures have been there for thousands of years and human beings are fragile. Furthermore, he used some facts that ancient people may use their unique ways to record summer solstice rather than today’s high astronomical knowledge. As he said â€Å"scientific knowledge is not inevitable† (para.12), there is no guarantee that scientific progress will keep increase, as long as we have the belief to live better, the scientific progress is not essential or necessary. Critique This article was written by Andrew Irvine who is a professor of UBC at department of philosophy (Irvine, 2012). The title of the passage makes readers to think of scientific progress is not inevitable, however, without technology, we cannot live in this highly developed world. The book In the Agora: The Public Face of Canadian Philosophy was edited by Andrew Irvine and John Russell; it is a book which collects many Canadians philosophers’ article and enriches our world by their Philosophical thought (University of Toronto Press Publishing, 2013). However, we are living in a developing world, as long as we want to live better, the scientific progress will remain non-inevitable. Electronic products for example, cellphones have been part of our live for few years, everybody has a cellphone to communicate to each other conveniently. But ancient people can only communicate each other with their voice or gesture, they cannot reach somebody who is far away from them. With the scientific results, we can use electronic products to talk and see people thousands of miles away from us. In the article, the author mentioned that some ancient culture may use their own way to figure out summer solstice like the sun dance (Irvine, 2006, pp338-339).

Batterer Treatment Programs

Domestic violence and especially battering has been identified as a form of aggression in the society for decades now. Even though, battering has been categorized as a criminal by the criminal justice system, its treatment has been handled differently from other forms of aggression. Over the past two decades, efforts have been applied to address the problem of wife battering.The development of treatment programs has been rapid which has subsequently increased batterer’s right to programming. Battering is inevitably associated with family violence and the general societal violence.This means that the existence of battering will continue unless the structures of power within the society is changed and thereby forbidding it. The change of the society alone is not enough to address the problem of battering. In addition to this change, individual involved in battering practices must also change (Mederos, 1999). The purpose of this paper is therefore to examine how the batterers can be changed. In particular, it aims at providing effective treatment programs that can be applied to address the problem of battering.The paper examines the roles that have been played by criminal justice in addressing battering problem and the existing treatment approaches that have been effectively applied to remedy this behavior. Criminal justice system intervention to battering There exist a number of criminal justice responses to battering. However, battering has continued for years due to the reluctance of the victims to report such cases to law enforcement agencies. There are a number of responses with regards to battering in the criminal justice realm which are triggered following reports of abuse.Arrest In the circumstance that it is proved beyond any reasonable doubt that an assault has been committed, then an arrest becomes mandatory. These mandatory arrests have significantly increased as reports of assault by victims of battering increase. However, many people have rais ed concerns about the effectiveness of arrests in reducing recidivism. It has been reported by certain research studies that arrests can only downgrade recidivism partly. This study has however been contracted arguing that effects of arrests on recidivism is limited.The debate over the effectiveness of arrests on recidivism will continue due to the lack of consensus on its impacts. In particular, the ineffectiveness of this approach has been witnessed in the slow prosecutions of batters, and thereby suggesting that these arrests are not adequately accompanied by convictions. Arrests without an efficient conviction do not deter future incidences of battering (Rusen, 1992). Prosecution The process of arrests should be followed subsequently with immediate prosecution after charges have been preferred against the batterer.In some cases, batterers may not be prosecuted but instead issued with restraining instructions. However, the effectiveness of arrests and prosecutions in deterring th e future occurrence of battering has been questioned by several researchers. Sufficient evidence has not been found to prove that prosecution of the offenders of battering reduces recidivism (Davis et al. , 1998). Sentencing Convicted batters are usually subjected to probations where they may be required to undergo treatment programs.It has been argued that it is impossible to distinguish the chances of recidivism with regards to cases which results to null prosecution, probation and incarceration. On the other hand, subjective battering to probation where they are subjected to treatment programs has been found to reduce recidivism. The criminal justice system has therefore been identified to be deficient in dealing with recidivism. There has been no significant relationship between recidivism and the prospect of arrests and punishment.This means that batters are not deterred from engaging in future battering by the possibility of being subjected to arrests and prosecution (Davis et al. , 1998). Approaches to batterers treatment programs There are several treatment programs available for batterers ranging from theoretical methods to forms of treatment. These programs include the Duluth approach and a program commonly referred to as New Leaf. Against this introduction, several theoretical approaches are examined together with fundamental models necessary for the treatment of batterers.These programs have not been proven to decisively reduce recidivism. However, they form a strong basis for examining the appropriate treatment mechanisms. The Duluth Model This was a community based response that was developed in Minnesota and comprised of several batterer detection and prevention groups within the society. This approach performed a coordinative role to the law enforcement agencies responsible for arrests, prosecution and batterer treatment programs. The batterers were subjected to either imprisonment or probation under stringent guidelines.The activities of the b atterer during this probation period were closely monitored. Such activities included attending to treatment programs. In addition, a close contact between the spouse of the batterer was maintained. In order to effectively respond to the problem of battering, prosecutorial agencies and the mental health institutions within the community closed worked as a unit. Thorough training was given to all the participants involved in the treatment process on batters under this model in order to equip them with adequate knowledge to understand what was involved in their work (Mederos, 1999).Under the Duluth model, the work of the male team leaders is not confined to interaction with the offenders of battering and their spouses. Part of their duty includes accounting for physical abuse by passing information to the relevant agencies. According to this model, abusive men usually use several obscure arguments to justify and legitimize their behavior. Treatment programs involve a number of video c lips and team dialogue with the intention of guiding the batterer in understanding the fundamental mythical beliefs regarding battering and thereby aid them in envisioning and defining non-abusive behaviors.The process of envisioning was accompanied with clear guidelines involving negotiations illustrating the basis of behavior in open relationships (Mederos, 1999). New Leaf program This program was developed to address the concerns of shelter women in Nova Scotia. The basis of this approach was that the shelter women needed assistance but the participation of shelter workers in this assistance was discouraged. As a result of this concern, males in the community intervened with the offenders of battering. This program involved and open group discussions which were organized weekly.The viewpoint of this program was that violence is feministic and a way of control. A thorough intake interview program was undertaken where the batterer was encouraged to change. The group leaders were in full control of the interview sessions and had an influential role in the lives of the batterers. The team leaders were constantly accessible to address the concerns of men and their spouses. Interventions included providing on-spot crisis resolution, visitation of offenders in prison, and unplanned visits to homes upon suspecting that there was danger of violence.However, these unannounced visits are not viewed as strange especially in the rural setting where it is the norm. This program had the advantage of intervening in high risk situations (Hanson & Whitman, 1995). Theoretical approaches The general approach to the treatment of batterer can classified into psychological, feminist and socio-cultural. The traditional intervention mechanisms for batterers focused mainly on the influence of psychological factors on violence. The problem of battering has a psychological dimension as abusive men usually blame their partners for the problems they are experiencing such as depression.T he depression can therefore lead them into substance abuse. Batterer treatment should therefore involve psychotherapeutic models. The socio-cultural method assumes that the battering is influenced by learned behavior. According to this approach, battering is learned within the society as there are inequalities in wealth control as well as societal structures which are biased in defining gender roles and therefore encourages leniency to battering. Treatment should therefore emphasize on unlearning where the batterers are encouraged to view violence as an unacceptable behavior within the society.In addition, the involvement of men in battering has been found to be as a result of attitude towards women. Intervention mechanisms should therefore include efforts in assisting batterers to change their attitudes. Feminist oriented batterer treatment strategies view battering as a social and political. According to this theory, battering is a consistent pattern of economic and sexual abuse. This approach therefore suggests that interventions to battering should address to root causes of battering. The feminist strategy in addition focuses on addressing the gender imbalances which are responsible for violent behavior (Dutton, 1998).Conclusion Developing batterer treatment programs within the society is quite challenging. However, there are fundamental factors that have effectively and efficiently contributed the treatment of batterers. Any approach to batterer treatment should be developed with adequate knowledge which is capable of achieving high standards of integrity. Reference: Davis, R. C. , Smith, B. E. , & Nickels, L. B. (1998). The deterrent effect of prosecuting domestic violence misdemeanors. Crime & Delinquency 44(3), 434-442. Dutton, D. G. (1998). The abusive personality: Violence and control in intimate relationships.New York: The Guilford Press. Hanson, R. K. & Whitman, R. (1995). A rural, community action model for the treatment of abusive men. Canadian J ournal of Community Mental Health 14(1), 49-59. Mederos, F. (1999). Batterer intervention programs: The past and future prospects. In M. F. Shepard & E. L. Pence, Coordinating community responses to domestic violence: Lessons from Duluth and beyond. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Rusen, M. F. (1992). Silencing their screams: The legal system’s response to male battering of women. Ottawa: National Association of Women and the Law.

Al-Awa Paper Essays - Criminology, Penology, Criminal Law

Al-Awa Paper Essays - Criminology, Penology, Criminal Law Alexandra Tolhurst Al-Awas paper on the Islamic penal law system is one that can easily be broken down to the main contributions that make up the theories of punishment in the system: retribution and deterrence make up the main theories, while I would argue that circumstance, morality and reformation each would make up a smaller theory. To understand the application of these theories, one must first understand what is considered a crime in Islamic law and where these are derived from. Islamic criminal law recognizes six major offenses, two of which Al-Awa doesnt even recognize because their punishments are not defined in the Quran or the Sunna, which is the definition of a hadd punishment. Along with the fact that hadd punishments are written in the text, its important to point out the distinguishing factor from tazirs in that they cannot be pardoned by any non-divine authority once reported. This divinity was the reason the original jurists found no reason to prescribe a purpose for the punishments an d is now the basis for all of the theories of punishment and the Islamic law system itself, which we will now discuss. The first theory of punishment is retribution. Retribution is a universal theory and is revealed in the Quran as the purpose of punishment in this world and the Hereafter (which greater confirms the divinity of the law.) The Arabic word for retribution is jaza which means punishment and reward, which makes the theory of retribution similar to the usage in Western law, apart from the divinity. When it comes to hadd punishments, its important to remember that they are the most severe punishments in the world for the crimes theyre prescribed to, which draws attention to the consequences, and also that mediation is prohibited, so combining these features brings a very retributive effect in Islamic culture. The theory of retribution in punishment is shown by the fact that in the case of multiple offenses, multiple sentences will be imposed, with the criminal serving them from least severe to most severe ending with the death penalty. The second theory of punishment is deterrence, which is recognized as the most dominant reason for the hadd punishments. This fact is interesting to me in that the idea of deterrence is the opposite of retribution because deterrence justifies the punishment with regards to the future while retribution justifies punishment with regards to the past, seeing each offense as an isolated offense. With deterrence, two effects are seen: general deterrence on the population as a whole and individual deterrence on the criminal. The punishment is justified with this theory because future crime is being prevented, both by the population because the punishment is made as public as possible, and by the individual criminal because the inhibitive effects of serious punishment makes one reluctant to ever offend again (or so the theory goes.) This theory has evidence to back it up in that Saudi Arabia has seen a significant decrease in their crime rate since re-implementing hadd punishments in the 20t h century. While retribution and deterrence are the main recognized theories of punishment, I think circumstance, reformation, and morality are worth being noted. What is meant by circumstance is that many determinations for punishments were once made to be based on what suited the community of the Prophet. Now because of circumstances that have changed with the times, the punishments (more-so certain characteristics of the punishment) have had to change with the times. We see this in the case of theft where one of the controversies between jurists is the value of the stolen property; a relevant value for hadd punishment in the Prophets time surely would be sufficient for our time. We also see this in the case of the hadd punishment of execution for armed robbery, which is to be done by the sword. Some would argue this is more of a medieval practice and the method should be changed to meet the current circumstances of the time. Reformation as a theory of punishment only has roots in one hadd cr ime, which is armed robbery. One of the hadd punishments for this crime is banishment or imprisonment, which naturally would suggest that the reason for the punishment is to

Introduction to Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Global Business - Assignment Example It is necessary to find out particular industries, which may help in the building of another industry, which will give national advantage. As suggested by President Khama, the country should promote commercial farming and safari tourism in the country. However, commercial farming would probably require a large labor force, which is not ample in Botswana. The question is whether these industries will lead to an increase in the economic development. Since Porter’s theory explicitly states that the comparative advantage needs to be created, if the government encourages tourism, by building proper safari parks, and marketing the tourism industry of Botswana in the international arena, then the conditions of Porter’s diamond theories will be fulfilled. Tourism also does not require much investment, and hence it can work efficiently. If the competition in the commercial farming is increased, then the supply conditions will also be met. The African Safari in Botswana can be an attraction, because it gives individuals to roam around unguided, if they have a car, and they can spot different types of animals, which includes zebras, monkeys, wild boars and many other birds, which will give Botswana an edge in the global market. Hence, using factor conditions, and creating favorable conditions, the government can create comparative advantage for this industry. Fisher and Clark’s structural change theory also suggests that in the case of Botswana, diamonds are not ‘forever’, and therefore there should be a change in the structure, moving from primary to the service industry, in the form of tourism. This would definitely lead to further specialization and economic development (biz-ed, n.p). 3. The government can impose trade barriers, which includes imposing quotas. It can also put custom duties and tariffs on certain products to increase the price of the imported goods to deter people from buying them. Sometimes, the government can

Event this week Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Event this week - Assignment Example The context of the article is relevant to the past years when oil prices rose to unexpected levels, leading to low productivity and high cost of goods. This is also relevant to the dwindling Russian economy after the US influenced the price cuts to impose sanctions on the country. However, most industries are shutting down production for maintenance purposes, which reduces the oil demand across the American States. The implication for a broader international development is that the producing countries are crying foul because the reduction in prices will affect their market shares. This is because of the increasing American reserves that take advantage of the fall in prices to store additional oil. For instance, Saudi Arabia expresses fear that the reduced demand will affect future market shares and productions. The contents of the article relate to the course because it analyses the implication of reducing oil prices to economies that depend on its sales. This is evident through the effect of the prices on workers, global economies and industrial production. As a result, the concept of demand and price is clearly